What is HMPV? Key Symptoms and How to Protect Yourself

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently been the target of global focus due to rising cases, an indication of the severity it carries in terms of respiratory health. HMPV is not a new virus, but it was first detected in 2001. The cause for greater concern has risen due to the fact that HMPV might cause severe infections of respiratory organs among vulnerable individuals. 

Recently, a few cases of HMPV virus have been identified in India. The HMPV virus in India has raised questions about recognising its symptoms, understanding its transmission, and implementing effective precautions to stay safe. Here, we provide a detailed summary of the HMPV virus, its symptoms, and the actions you and your family can take to protect yourself.

What Is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

Human Metapneumovirus, an HMPV full form, is a respiratory virus from the Paramyxoviridae family, closely related to RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus). HMPV primarily targets the respiratory system, causing illnesses that range from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory conditions like bronchitis and pneumonia. The virus particularly concerns children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

HMPV infections are seasonal, typically peaking during late winter and spring. While most healthy individuals recover with mild symptoms, vulnerable groups may face complications requiring medical attention. Understanding the HMPV virus’s full form and its health implications is essential for early diagnosis and management.

How Does HMPV Spread?

HMPV spreads through respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces, making it highly contagious. Here are the primary modes of transmission:

• Direct Contact: Physical contact with an infected person, such as shaking hands or touching their face.
• Surface Contamination: Touching objects or surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth.
• Airborne Transmission: Inhaling respiratory droplets from an infected person’s coughs or sneezes.

The incubation period for HMPV ranges from 3 to 6 days. Preventive measures, including frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with symptomatic individuals, are crucial for reducing the spread of the virus.

HMPV Symptoms in Adults and Children

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that can cause symptoms similar to those of the common cold, flu, or other respiratory infections. It can affect both adults and children, often causing mild to moderate symptoms, but in some cases, it can lead to more severe illness, especially in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

HMPV Symptoms in Adults

• Persistent cough
• Runny or congested nose
• Sore throat
• Mild to high fever
• Fatigue and body aches
• Wheezing or shortness of breath

HMPV Symptoms in Children

• Difficulty breathing, often marked by rapid or laboured breaths
• Persistent and severe cough
• High fever, sometimes accompanied by chills
• Dehydration due to reduced fluid intake
• Irritability or lethargy
• Loss of appetite or refusal to eat

Severe cases in both adults and children can escalate to pneumonia or bronchitis, necessitating immediate medical care. Recognising HMPV virus symptoms early can help prevent complications and ensure timely treatment.

HMPV vs COVID-19

While both viruses share similarities in symptoms and transmission methods, COVID-19 has a broader range of systemic impacts, including effects on taste and smell and a higher potential for severe outcomes. 

Here is the comparison of both viruses:

Who Is at Risk of Human Metapneumovirus Infections?

Certain groups are more vulnerable to severe HMPV infections, including:

• Children under 5 years: Developing immune systems make them more susceptible.
• Elderly individuals: Age-related immune decline increases risks.
• Immunocompromised patients: Includes those undergoing cancer treatments or living with chronic illnesses.
• Individuals with chronic respiratory conditions: Such as Asthma or COPD.

Diagnosis: How Is HMPV Detected?

Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management of HMPV. Common diagnostic methods include:

• Nasopharyngeal Swab: A sample is collected from the nasal cavity to test for the virus.
• PCR Test: Detects the genetic material of HMPV with high accuracy.
• Blood Tests: Used in severe cases to assess the immune response.
• Chest X-ray: Recommended when pneumonia or severe respiratory complications are suspected.

HMPV Treatment Options

Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for HMPV. Management focuses on alleviating symptoms and supporting recovery:

• Over-the-counter Medications: Paracetamol or ibuprofen for fever and body aches.
• Adequate Hydration: To prevent dehydration, particularly in children.
• Oxygen Therapy: For patients with severe breathing difficulties.
• Hospitalisation: Necessary in cases of pneumonia or other serious complications.

How to Protect Yourself from Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

HMPV virus precautions are key to reducing the spread of HMPV. Here’s how you can stay safe:

• Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
• Use Masks: Especially in crowded or high-risk areas.
• Avoid Crowded Places: Maintain physical distance in public settings.
• Disinfect Frequently Touched Surfaces: Such as doorknobs, mobile phones, and countertops.
• Boost Immunity: Eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and get enough sleep.
• Stay Home When Sick: Isolate yourself to prevent spreading the virus to others.

Conclusion

HMPV is a significant respiratory virus that poses a serious risk to vulnerable populations. By recognising HMPV symptoms early and adopting preventive measures, you can protect yourself and your loved ones. While there is no cure, timely diagnosis and symptom management can significantly reduce complications. Stay informed, stay vigilant, and prioritise your health.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References 

• Rao, B. L., Gandhe, S. S., Pawar, S. D., Arankalle, V. A., Shah, S. C., & Kinikar, A. A. (2004). First Detection of Human Metapneumovirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection in India: a Preliminary Report. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42(12), 5961–5962. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.42.12.5961-5962.2004 
• Van Den Hoogen, B. G., De Jong, J. C., Groen, J., Kuiken, T., De Groot, R., Fouchier, R. A., & Osterhaus, A. D. (2001). A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease. Nature Medicine, 7(6), 719–724. https://doi.org/10.1038/89098 
• About Human Metapneumovirus. (2024, April 11). Human Metapneumovirus. https://www.cdc.gov/human-metapneumovirus/about/index.html 
• American Lung Association. (n.d.). Learn About Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV). https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/human-metapneumovirus-hmpv/learn-about-human-metapneumovirus-hmpv