Mumps: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Medication

Mumps symptoms can be quite concerning, but understanding the condition is crucial for effective management. As a viral illness primarily affecting the salivary glands, mumps can cause noticeable swelling and discomfort. This comprehensive guide will explore the symptoms, causes, treatment, and medication options for mumps, helping you navigate this condition with greater clarity and confidence. Let’s begin by understanding mumps and how it affects the body.

What are Mumps?

Mumps is a contagious viral illness caused by the mumps virus, which belongs to the paramyxovirus family. The disease primarily affects the parotid glands, the saliva-producing glands located on either side of the face. Although less common in regions with high vaccination rates, mumps can still cause significant outbreaks, particularly in areas with close living or working conditions, such as college campuses, summer camps, and schools. Now that we have a basic understanding of mumps, let’s take a closer look at their symptoms.

Mumps Symptoms

The symptoms of mumps can vary in severity, but there are several key indicators to watch out for:

• Incubation period: Symptoms typically develop 14 to 25 days after infection.
• Initial symptoms: Early signs often include headache, fever, and fatigue.
• Swollen parotid glands: The most distinctive symptom is the painful swelling of the parotid glands, causing puffy cheeks and a tender, swollen jaw.
• Pain and discomfort: The swollen glands may be tender or painful to the touch.
• Other symptoms: Some individuals may experience a sore throat, dry mouth, or difficulty swallowing due to the gland swelling.
• Complications: In rare cases, it can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis, orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), or oophoritis (inflammation of the ovaries).

Symptoms in Children vs. Adults

The symptoms of mumps can vary between children and adults, although they share some common characteristics. Let’s take a closer look at how mumps affects these two age groups:

• Children: Symptoms include salivary gland swelling, fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and decreased appetite. Complications are rare.
• Adults: Symptoms are more severe, including painful parotid swelling, orchitis, fever, headache, and fatigue.
• Complications: Adults are at higher risk for meningitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, and hearing loss.

Causes of Mumps

Mumps is a viral infection caused by a specific virus and is transmitted through particular routes. The following points highlight the key aspects of mumps causation:

• Causative Agent: Mumps is caused by a single-stranded RNA paramyxovirus.
• Spread: Transmits via airborne droplets, contaminated surfaces, or close contact.
• Infectious Period: Most contagious a few days before and after parotid swelling.
• Viral Spread: Invades cerebrospinal fluid and affects organs like the brain, pancreas, and reproductive organs, causing inflammation and complications.

Risk of Mump Disease

Several factors can affect an individual’s risk of contracting mumps and developing complications. Here are some key points to consider:

• Vaccination: Incomplete or no vaccination increases mumps risk; immunity can wane even in vaccinated individuals.
• Weakened Immunity: Immunodeficiencies heighten susceptibility.
• Crowded Settings: Close living spaces, like dorms, raise transmission risk.
• Travel: Visiting areas with low vaccination rates elevates exposure.
• Age: Adults face higher risks of severe mumps complications than children.

Complications of Mumps

Mumps can lead to several serious complications, especially in adults. Some of the key complications associated with mumps include:

• Meningitis or encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes or the brain itself, potentially leading to seizures, stroke, or death
• Orchitis: Inflammation and swelling of one or both testicles, which can affect sperm production and, in rare cases, cause sterility
• Oophoritis: Inflammation of one or both ovaries, which can make it harder to get pregnant
• Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas
• Deafness: Loss of hearing, often in one ear

Diagnosis of Mumps

Diagnosing mumps involves a combination of clinical presentation and laboratory tests. The key points for diagnosis include:

• Symptoms: Jaw swelling, fever, and headache suggest mumps.
• Serologic Tests: IgM antibodies support the diagnosis but vary with vaccination status.
• RT-PCR/Viral Culture: Best for confirming infection, especially within 3 days of symptoms.
• Timing: Early testing is crucial for accurate results.

Mumps Treatment

Treatment for mumps is primarily supportive, as no specific antiviral medication is available. The key points for treatment include:

• Care: Rest, hydration, and pain relief medications.
• Complications: Monitor for meningitis, encephalitis, orchitis, or pancreatitis.
• Isolation: Prevent spread, especially in low-vaccination areas.
• Hospitalisation: Required for severe cases or complications.
• No Antiviral: Focus on symptom relief and managing complications.

Prevention of Mumps

Preventing mumps is largely dependent on vaccination and good hygiene practices. Here are some key pointers to help protect yourself and your loved ones from this contagious viral illness:

• Vaccination: The MMR vaccine is 88% effective. The first dose is between 9-12 months, followed by two booster doses at 15-18 months and 4-6 years, respectively.
• Hygiene: Wash hands, use tissues, and avoid sharing utensils.
• Isolation: Stay home for 5 days after symptoms to prevent spread.

When to See a Doctor

If you or your child experience symptoms suggestive of mumps, it is crucial to contact a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis. Key reasons to seek medical attention include the presence of typical symptoms such as:

• Swelling of the parotid glands (the salivary glands located just below and in front of the ears)
• Fever
• Headache
• Fatigue and malaise

Additionally, if you or your child experience severe symptoms like a stiff neck, severe headache, seizures, or changes in consciousness, immediate medical attention is necessary. Inform your doctor in advance to allow for necessary precautions to prevent the spread of infection to others.

Conclusion

Mumps, while generally not life-threatening, can lead to significant complications if not managed properly. Vaccination with the MMR vaccine is the cornerstone of prevention, offering substantial protection against the disease. Early diagnosis and isolation can help control outbreaks and prevent the spread of infection to vulnerable individuals. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and preventive measures, individuals can take proactive steps to protect themselves and their communities from mumps. Regular hygiene practices and timely medical consultations are essential in managing and preventing the spread of this contagious viral illness.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7084951/
• https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/267764/PMC2557572.pdf
• https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01999/full