Types of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Introduction

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections that spread mainly through sexual contact. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites and are transmitted through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions, as well as through skin-to-skin contact. Anyone can be affected by STIs, regardless of their gender or sexual orientation. If left untreated, these infections can lead to severe health complications.

Types of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

The different types of sexually transmitted diseases vary in their origin – some are bacterial, while others are viral or parasitic. Each disease has its unique symptoms and requires specific treatments. It is crucial to regularly get an STD test to ensure early detection and treatment.

1. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Bacterial vaginosis is an imbalanced condition prompted by a change in the typical bacteria found in the vagina. It often occurs following sexual activity and is associated with having multiple sexual partners. The symptoms may include:

• Unusual vaginal discharge which is often grey or white
• A fishy odour, particularly after sex
• Itching or discomfort around the vaginal area

BV increases the risk of contracting other STIs and could complicate pregnancy. Treatment usually involves antibiotics which can restore the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina.

2. Chlamydia

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It is one of the most prevalent STIs and can be transmitted through vaginal, anal and oral sex. While many individuals with chlamydia do not experience symptoms, the ones who do might experience:

• Painful urination
• Abnormal discharge from the vagina or penis
• Pain during intercourse

If left untreated, chlamydia can lead to serious complications like infertility in women and epididymitis (inflammation of the tube at the back of the testicle) in men. Fortunately, chlamydia is treatable with antibiotics and early detection is key to prevent such complications.

3. Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), primarily HSV-2, but can also be caused by HSV-1. The infection is highly contagious and can be spread through skin-to-skin contact, even without visible sores. Symptoms may include:

• Painful sores or blisters in the genital area
• Itching or burning sensation
• Flu-like symptoms during the initial outbreak

Although there is no permanent cure for genital herpes, antiviral medications can help manage outbreaks and reduce the risk of transmission to partners. Many individuals with herpes don’t show any symptoms, which complicates prevention efforts.

4. Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea, a widespread type of sexually transmitted infection (STI), is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The bacterium can infect various parts of the body like the urethra, rectum, and throat in both men and women, and additionally, the cervix in women. Some common symptoms of this disease may include:

• Painful urination
• Discharge from the penis or vagina
• Rectal pain or bleeding

However, it’s important to note that many individuals with gonorrhea do not experience any symptoms. If left untreated, serious complications can arise such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and disseminated gonococcal infection, which is a spread of the infection to other areas in the body.

Gonorrhea is usually mitigated with antibiotics. However, it’s concerning to observe an increasing trend of drug-resistant strains of this bacterium.

5. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

The most common viral STI is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). This virus is linked with several types of cancers including cervical, anal, penile, vaginal, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. It can also cause genital warts.

While many HPV infections clear out on their own without any medical intervention, persistent infections can lead to cancer precursors that require immediate treatment. To prevent infection with HPV types that most commonly cause cancer and genital warts, vaccines are available.

6. Mycoplasma genitalium (Mgen)

Mycoplasma genitalium (Mgen) is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium. Like gonorrhea, it can infect the urethra and in women, it can also infect the cervix leading to conditions like urethritis and cervicitis.

Many individuals with Mgen, similar to those with gonorrhea, are asymptomatic. If Mgen is left untreated, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women. Diagnosing and treating Mgen is challenging as it requires specialised tests, and much like gonorrhea, Mgen is increasingly developing resistance to antibiotics.

7. Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B, a type of sexually transmitted infection (STI), is a viral disease that targets your liver. It can manifest either as an acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) disease. The most common modes of transmission are from mother to child during birth, contact with infected blood or body fluids during sexual intercourse, or sharing of needles or sharp objects.

The symptoms of Hepatitis B may include:

• Fatigue
• Fever
• Nausea
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

If left untreated, chronic Hepatitis B can lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. However, it’s noteworthy that Hepatitis B is preventable with a safe and effective vaccine. If you have been diagnosed with chronic Hepatitis B, your doctor will likely prescribe antiviral medications for treatment.

8. HIV/AIDS

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is another severe STI that attacks the body’s immune system, particularly CD4+ T cells which are crucial for fighting off infections. Without treatment, HIV can progress to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is the most advanced stage of HIV infection.

HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing of needles or syringes, or from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. It’s crucial to remember that many people with HIV may not exhibit any symptoms for years.

If HIV is left untreated, it gradually destroys the immune system making the person susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain types of cancer. However, Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) can control HIV and prevent its progression to AIDS. While ART is not a cure for HIV/AIDS, it enables most people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives.

9. Pubic Lice

Pubic lice, commonly referred to as “crabs”, are tiny parasitic insects that infest the pubic hair region. They are generally spread through direct sexual contact, or by sharing clothing, bedding, or towels with someone who is infested.

Signs of a pubic lice infection include:

• Intense itching in the pubic area
• Visible lice or nits (eggs) in the hair

These lice can be treated adequately with over-the-counter or prescription topical medications. Anyone infested with pubic lice should inform their sexual partners and ensure that their clothing, bedding, and towels are washed in hot water to prevent reinfestation. Thankfully, pubic lice do not transmit other STIs.

10. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a type of sexually transmitted infection (STI) that affects women’s reproductive organs. It’s often the result of untreated STIs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea. Serious complications could develop from PID, including chronic pelvic pain, difficulty in getting pregnant, and ectopic pregnancy.

Here are some symptoms to watch out for:

• Lower abdominal pain
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Pain during intercourse
• Fever
• Irregular periods

Your doctor can diagnose PID through pelvic exams, a review of your medical history, and various laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves a course of antibiotics to eliminate the infection.

11. Syphilis

Syphilis is a bacterial STI caused by Treponema pallidum. Its progression is marked by four stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary. The symptoms vary by stage:

• Primary Stage: A painless sore called a chancre appears at the infection site.
• Secondary Stage: Symptoms include skin rashes, lesions on mucous membranes, and flu-like symptoms.
• Latent Stage: There are no visible symptoms, but the bacteria remain in the body.
• Tertiary Stage: Serious complications affecting organs such as the heart and brain may arise.

To diagnose syphilis, doctors use blood tests that detect antibodies to the bacteria. It can be treated with antibiotics, notably penicillin.

12. Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is another type of STI caused by a protozoan named Trichomonas vaginalis. While it often doesn’t show any symptoms, some people may experience:

• Itching, burning or soreness in the genital area
• Discomfort during urination
• Abnormal discharge that can be frothy and yellow-green in colour

Diagnosis of trichomoniasis involves lab tests, including wet mount microscopy or Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs). The usual treatment is antibiotics, specifically metronidazole or tinidazole.

Also Read: Vaginal Discharge: Causes, Colors, and Treatments

How to Diagnose STIs

When it comes to diagnosing STIs, a few methods are typically employed:

• Clinical Evaluation: This includes a thorough medical history review and a physical examination to identify any potential symptoms.
• Laboratory Tests: Depending on the suspected STI, these can include:
  • Blood Tests: These can diagnose syphilis, HIV and sometimes herpes.
  • Urine Tests: These are commonly used to diagnose trichomoniasis and gonorrhoea.
  • Swab Tests: Samples are collected from affected areas for testing.
  • Molecular Methods: These include NAATs which are highly sensitive for detecting STIs.
  • Point-of-Care Tests: Rapid tests available for some STIs like syphilis and HIV.

Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment and management of STIs. Many infections may not show any symptoms or may present with non-specific symptoms. Regular screenings and being aware of potential symptoms can contribute to early detection and treatment.

Remember, prevention is always better than cure. Avoiding risky behaviour and getting regular check-ups can go a long way in maintaining your sexual health.

Also Read: Prevention of Sexually transmitted diseases (STD)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)