Digestive

Constipation is a common digestive condition where a person experiences infrequent or uncomfortable bowel movements. It often involves passing hard, dry stools fewer than three times a week, though normal bowel habits can vary between three times a day to three times a week. Typically, constipation is managed through dietary and lifestyle changes or over-the-counter remedies. Chronic constipation may indicate an underlying health issue that requires further attention. Maintaining a balanced diet, staying hydrated, and regular physical activity are key preventive measures.

An anal fissure is a small tear or crack in the lining of the anus, causing pain and bleeding during bowel movements. The condition is common and can affect people of all ages, although it is more prevalent in infants and middle-aged adults. Anal fissures are typically categorised as acute or chronic, depending on their duration and healing process.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. It is a functional disorder, meaning it does not cause damage to the digestive tract but rather involves problems with how the brain and gut work together. IBS is categorised into three main types based on the pattern of bowel movements: IBS with constipation (IBS-C), IBS with diarrhoea (IBS-D), and IBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M).

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a condition characterised by open sores in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or lower oesophagus. It is commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Symptoms include burning or gnawing stomach pain, and treatment typically involves antibiotics, acid-reducing medications, and lifestyle changes.

Gallstones are solid lumps that develop in the gallbladder when digestive fluids harden. They can be as small as a grain of sand or as big as a golf ball. If they block the bile ducts, they may cause severe pain and other problems. Gallstones form due to an imbalance in the substances that make up bile. The treatment for gallstones depends on their size, number, and how much trouble they cause.

Dysentery is a gastrointestinal disorder characterised by bloody diarrhoea, typically caused by bacterial or parasitic infections. It can lead to severe dehydration and other complications if not properly managed, with symptoms including fever, abdominal pain, and a feeling of incomplete defecation. Prompt medical attention and treatment are essential for preventing the spread of infection and promoting recovery.

Food poisoning, also known as foodborne illness, is an infection or irritation of the digestive tract caused by contaminated food or drinks. It can be caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and toxins, and symptoms range from mild to severe. Treatment typically involves rest, hydration, and in some cases, antibiotics or hospitalisation.

Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition marked by the inability to process lactose, the sugar found in milk and dairy products. This condition occurs due to a deficiency in the lactase enzyme, needed to break down lactose. It can cause uncomfortable symptoms such as bloating, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain after consuming lactose-containing foods or drinks. Lactose intolerance is distinct from a milk allergy and can affect people of all ages, with varying degrees of severity.

Encephalitis is a rare but serious condition characterised by inflammation of the brain, often caused by viral infections or autoimmune reactions. It can lead to severe symptoms and complications, including death, if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing encephalitis effectively.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder that occurs when stomach acid flows back into the oesophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, epigastric pain, and regurgitation. GERD can lead to complications such as oesophagitis, Barrett's oesophagus, and even oesophageal cancer if left untreated. Lifestyle changes and medications can help manage the symptoms and prevent further damage to the oesophagus.