Endocrine

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to various metabolic and physiological disturbances. It is a common endocrine disorder that can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Treatment typically involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy to restore normal hormone levels and alleviate symptoms.

Hirsutism is a condition characterised by excessive hair growth in women and people assigned female at birth, typically in a male-like pattern. It is caused by high levels of male hormones or increased sensitivity of hair follicles to these hormones. Hirsutism can be categorised into several types, and its severity is assessed using the Ferriman-Gallwey scale.

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare condition where the body cannot regulate fluid levels properly, leading to excessive thirst and large volumes of dilute urine. DI is related to issues with the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps the kidneys reabsorb water back into the bloodstream. There are different types of DI, including central DI, caused by insufficient ADH production, and nephrogenic DI, caused by the kidneys' inability to respond to ADH.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by elevated blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin action. It can lead to severe complications if left untreated and is classified into three main types: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Proper management through lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring is crucial for preventing complications and maintaining overall health.

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to high blood calcium levels. This can cause various health issues, including bone thinning, kidney stones, and other complications. There are three main types of hyperparathyroidism: primary, secondary, and tertiary, each with its causes and characteristics.

Hyperthyroidism is a common thyroid disorder characterised by the overproduction of thyroid hormones. It can cause a range of symptoms and long-term complications if left untreated. Treatment options include medication, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery.

Low testosterone, also known as hypogonadism or low T, is a condition where the body produces insufficient testosterone. Testosterone is an essential hormone for male development and overall health. It can be caused by ageing, medical conditions, or injuries, leading to symptoms, such as low sex drive, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, and loss of muscle mass. Treatment options include testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), which can help alleviate symptoms and improve overall health.

Prolactinoma is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that produces excessive amounts of the hormone prolactin. It is the most common type of pituitary tumor and can cause symptoms such as infertility, irregular periods, and decreased libido. Treatment options include medication, surgery, and radiation therapy, depending on the size and severity of the tumor.