Kidney

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a gradual loss of kidney function over time, leading to complications such as high blood pressure, anaemia, and bone disease. CKD is often a silent disease with no noticeable symptoms in its early stages, but as it progresses, symptoms may include foamy urine, changes in urinary frequency, fatigue, and swelling in extremities. The causes of CKD include diabetes, high blood pressure, and inherited conditions such as polycystic kidney disease.

Glomerulonephritis is a kidney disease that causes inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filters within the kidneys responsible for removing waste and excess fluids from the blood. This inflammation can lead to various complications, such as acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, and nephritic syndrome. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent further damage to the kidneys and preserve their function.

Kidney stones are small, hard deposits that form in the kidneys or urinary tract, made up of various substances like calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid. They can cause significant discomfort and health issues if left untreated, with symptoms including severe pain, abnormal urine colour, and fever. Treatment options vary depending on the size and type of stone, ranging from increased hydration to surgical intervention.

Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection that occurs when bacteria from the urinary tract spread to the kidneys, causing inflammation and potential damage. It requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications such as scarring, reduced kidney function, and even life-threatening conditions. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, while prevention focusses on proper hygiene and addressing underlying risk factors.

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder characterised by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, leading to kidney enlargement and potential kidney failure. PKD can also affect other organs and cause complications such as high blood pressure, pain, and an increased risk of aneurysms. Management involves addressing symptoms, preventing complications, and in advanced cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Lupus nephritis is a kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, including the kidneys. This condition can impair the kidneys' ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood, potentially leading to kidney failure if not properly managed. Early detection and treatment of lupus nephritis are crucial to prevent permanent kidney damage and kidney failure.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden decline in kidney function, leading to a buildup of waste products in the blood. It can range from minor loss of kidney function to complete kidney failure and typically develops within 48 hours to 7 days. Acute kidney injury often results from inadequate blood flow to the kidney due to severe trauma, illness, or surgery. However, it can also be caused by rapidly progressive, intrinsic renal diseases.

Interstitial nephritis is a kidney condition characterised by inflammation of the renal interstitium, the tissue and space around the renal tubules. This inflammation can impair the kidneys' ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood, leading to various symptoms and complications. Interstitial nephritis can be acute or chronic and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent kidney damage.