Skin

Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells, leading to the formation of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads. It affects people of all ages but is most prevalent during puberty. Acne can be classified into four grades based on severity and includes various types such as comedonal, inflammatory, and nodulocystic acne.

Dermatitis is a general term for skin inflammation caused by various factors, such as allergies, irritants, and genetic predispositions. It encompasses several types, including atopic dermatitis (eczema), contact dermatitis, and seborrhoeic dermatitis (dandruff). Dermatitis is characterised by symptoms like red rashes, dry skin, and itchiness, and can progress through acute, sub-acute, and chronic stages.

Melasma is a common skin condition characterised by dark, discoloured patches on the face and other sun-exposed areas. It is caused by excessive melanin production and can be triggered by hormonal changes, sun exposure, and genetic factors. While harmless, melasma can be distressing for those affected and may require various treatment approaches depending on the type and severity.

Warts are small, usually painless growths on the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). They are benign, contagious, and can appear on various parts of the body, including the hands, feet, face, and genitals. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the wart and may include topical medications, cryotherapy, or surgical removal.

Liver spots, also known as age spots or solar lentigines, are flat, brown, grey, or black spots on the skin that usually appear in areas exposed to the sun. They are a common condition associated with ageing and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Liver spots are not related to liver function, despite their name, and are more common in adults over 50.

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and scaly patches on the skin. It involves the immune system, genetics, and environmental factors, and can be painful and affect quality of life. There are several types of psoriasis, each with distinct symptoms and characteristics.

Scabies is a contagious skin infestation caused by the tiny mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It leads to intense itching and a pimple-like rash on the skin, spreading through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or through infested clothing, towels, and bedding. Scabies is a common condition found worldwide and can affect anyone, regardless of age or hygiene.

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder that causes the skin to lose pigment, resulting in white patches. While vitiligo is primarily cosmetic, it can have psychological impacts, such as low self-esteem and depression, owing to concerns about appearance. Recognising the symptoms and seeking appropriate vitiligo treatment can help manage the condition effectively.

Corns are thickened, painful areas of skin that develop due to repeated friction or pressure, commonly affecting the feet and toes. They can be classified into hard corns, soft corns, and seed corns, each with distinct characteristics and locations. Proper footwear and preventive measures can help alleviate the discomfort associated with corns.

Burns are injuries to the skin and other tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation, or the sun. They can range from minor to life-threatening and are classified into four types based on their severity. Complications of severe burns can include infection, fluid loss, hypothermia, and breathing problems. Proper treatment and management of burns depend on their type and extent, with severe cases requiring immediate medical attention.